[5], Recent genetics studies have demonstrated that populations bearing specific Y-DNA haplogroups and a distinct genetic signature expanded into Europe and South Asia from the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the third and second millennia BC. The DNA from the Iberian skeletons cant tell us what kind of culture the Yamnaya replaced, but it does much to corroborate Gimbutass sense that the descendants of the Yamnaya caused much greater disruption than other archeologists believed. [34], He does not include the Maykop culture among those that he considers to be Indo-European-speaking and presumes instead that they spoke a Caucasian language.[35]. Arguments for the identification of the Proto-Indo-Europeans as steppe nomads from the PonticCaspian region had already been made in the 19th century by the German scholars, Theodor Benfey (1869) and Victor Hehn[de] (1870), followed notably by Otto Schrader (1883, 1890). A northern move incorporated the southern coast of Armorica. [160] The Yuezhi were originally settled in the arid grasslands of the eastern Tarim Basin area, in what is today Xinjiang and western Gansu, in China. Language shifts generally flow in the direction of groups that have higher economic status, more political power and higher prestige, Anthony says. [228][229][230] According to David W. Anthony, proto-Latins originated in today's eastern Hungary, kurganized around 3100 BCE by the Yamnaya culture,[231] while Kristian Kristiansen associated the Proto-Villanovans with the Velatice-Baierdorf culture of Moravia and Austria. B. Lal note the absence of archaeological remains of an Aryan "conquest", and the high degree of physical continuity between Harappan and Post-Harappan society. Elizebeth Friedman: Became the world's most famous codebreaker. However, this hypothesis, on which Gimbutas' Idyllic Goddess scenario depends, is far from the foregone conclusion that she . [2], According to Marija Gimbutas, the process of "Indo-Europeanization" of Europe was essentially a cultural, not a physical transformation. [276], The Illyrians (Ancient Greek: , Illyrioi; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of Indo-European tribes in antiquity, who inhabited part of the western Balkans and the southeastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The archaeological discovery of the archives of the Hittites and the classification of the Hittite language to a separate Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages caused a sensation among historians, forcing a re-evaluation of Near Eastern history and Indo-European linguistics. [66] He observes that this change is facilitated by "systematic changes in community structure", in which a local community becomes incorporated in a larger social structure. This could imply that they are descended from a common ancestor and/or Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic developed in close proximity over a long period of time. [web 10]. Vasilev, I. Nanda Devi cursed the kingdom, unleashing drought and disaster, and infesting the milk and rice with maggots. The position of Albanian is not completely clear, from an insufficiency of evidence. The Hittite empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BCE under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. The "Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm" is a hypothesis suggesting that the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) can be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic, several millennia earlier than the Chalcolithic or at the most Neolithic estimates in other scenarios of Proto-Indo-European origins. [47], David Anthony, in his "revised Steppe hypothesis",[60] conjectures that the spread of the Indo-European languages probably did not happen through "chain-type folk migrations", but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites, which were emulated by large groups of people,[61][note 3] a process which he calls "elite recruitment". The following suggestions have been made from 2015 to 2019: Soviet and post-Soviet Russian archaeologists have proposed an East Caspian influence, via the eastern Caspian areas, on the formation of the Don-Volga cultures. A complicating factor is the association of haplogroup R1b with the Yamnaya horizon and the Bell Beakers, while the Corded Ware horizon is strongly associated with haplogroup R1a. [note 30], Development of the Indo-European languages, Phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages, The Kurgan hypothesis and the "revised steppe theory", Steppe origins with south Caspian CHG-influences, Europe: migration into the Danube Valley (4200 BCE), Anatolia: Archaic Proto-Indo-European (Hittites; 45003500 BCE), Northern Caucasus: The Maykop culture (37003000 BCE), The Balkan-Danubian complex and the east-Carpathian contact-zone, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMallory1991 (, According to Gimbutas, these indigenous groups existed for nearly three millennia (c. 65003500 BCE, during the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Copper ages), consisting notably of the, David Anthony (1995): "Language shift can be understood best as a social strategy through which individuals and groups compete for positions of prestige, power, and domestic security [] What is important, then, is not just dominance, but vertical social mobility and a linkage between language and access to positions of prestige and power [] A relatively small immigrant elite population can encourage widespread language shift among numerically dominant indigenes in a non-state or pre-state context if the elite employs a specific combination of encouragements and punishments. "[97], Damgaard et al. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N.G.L. The Sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank has suggested that the Yuezhi, the Wusun, the Dayuan, the Kangju and the people of Yanqi, could have been Tocharian-speaking. According to Piazza, "[i]t is clear that, genetically speaking, peoples of the Kurgan steppe descended at least in part from people of the Middle Eastern Neolithic who immigrated there from Anatolia. Several large Indian cities have Armenian communities that go back centuries. Kurgan - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
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