Nanoparticle Synthesis, Applications, and Toxicity | IntechOpen It can be more difficult to foretell the reactivities and risks associated with the products. The internalization of upconversion nanoparticles coated with polymers was found to be lowered as compared to uptake by HaCaT cell lines as shown in figure 4. For example, silver nanoparticles resulting in blue coloration are used to set the initial skin colour followed by complimenting silver nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles which give green colour collectively contributing to a brighter shade. Along with the cosmetic applications, these were utilized in various other sectors such as pharmaceuticals, and food [64]. The route of exposure of nanomaterials is one of the vital facets to consider. In the meantime, they advise on trying to avoid products formulated with the help of nanoparticles. Techniques based on microemulsions, double emulsion formation, phase inversion induced by temperature, membrane contactor and cold homogenization are a few of the most studied in this regard. These TEC cells were treated with the same concentrations of nanoparticles as used in HaCaT cell lines. These lipid nanoparticles are able to penetrate the skin more efficiently. It absorbs UVR because of its semiconductive property. These nanoparticles which have been intended to be used in the repair of damaged coloured hair have shown promising results by promoting hair shine, softness, tangibility thereby restoring hair health in addition to maintenance of hair colour [130]. In 1985, the Newkome dendrimers were one of the first artificially synthesized dendrimers. Besides these characteristics, the antifungal and antibacterial nature of gold nanoparticles is also beneficial. The hair and skin also get protected from the UV rays because of liposomes. CeO2 is able to hinder the UV radiation but not able to produce the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) like TiO2 nanoparticles. Rachana Yadwade1, Saee Gharpure1 and Balaprasad Ankamwar1, Published 26 April 2021 These nanoemulsions are used in various hair sunscreens, shampoos, skin and deodorants. Thus, the use of silver nanoparticles in dental formulations can aid in controlling microbial infections selectively by virtue of its high antimicrobial activity as well as biocompatibility against human cells [143]. As compared to ZnO, TiO2 acts as an effective measure to protect against UV B, and hence when sun protection factor (SPF) is concerned TiO2 is more effective in terms of SPF at a given concentration [20, 21]. Metal-based nanoparticles have been exploited for their antioxidant properties thereby nullifying the effect of free radicals contributing to anti-aging. Reveal answer Large surface. The presence of high reactivity of nanomaterials because of the high surface to volume ratio gives rise to toxicity. Different methods for the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles are reported such as using a high-pressure homogenization process. The use of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles as delivery systems has been preferred because its biocompatible nature as well as their ease of biodegradation. When used in a non-airborne form though, Titanium dioxide is considered safe. Suggest another disadvantage of these sunscreens. This reduces the toxic effects on other major organs. This research explains that aggregated ZnO particles of dimension 130 nm rather than the 20 nm primary particles influence UVA-1 protection [22, 23]. The presence of high absorbance, stability makes the NLCs greater than SLNs in cosmetic products. One of the disadvantages of nanoparticles or nanorobots is that the body may find these . The even distribution of pigments of lipsticks can be made possible by means of silica nanoparticles. The rate of absorption of nanomaterials through the skin is yet to be determined, but it is known that they pass through more easily than conventional materials. The safety of gold nanoparticles in the cosmetics was determined through various tests such as acute toxicity test, skin sensitization potential of AuNPs, irritation of the skin and eyes. Nanotechnology could help to improve the sustainable production of crops for food or fuels. These nanomaterials act as a storehouse of desired actives. Metallic nanoparticles such as silver, gold, copper, palladium, platinum, selenium, cadmium, etc along with their alloys have been used in hair colouring products. Conversely, these characteristics are hypothesized to be the basis for nanoparticles induced toxicity which arises due to the complex interplay between nanoparticle uniqueness (e.g. There are still some ambiguities with respect to the exposure of nanomaterials and penetration through the first layer of skin and this may lead the toxic effects. Ever since then, eminent scientific bodies in Europe and the US have been warning the manufacturers that the health risks of nanoparticles have to be thoroughly investigated before the products are commercialized. Nanoemulsions comprising nanoparticles in the range of 50 to 1000 nm and it is also a mixture of oil and water. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd There are several cosmetic companies that patented the usage of dendrimers in various products of skin, hair, nail [72]. It has been observed that there were remarkable effects on behavioural patterns upon exposure to ASTM-dispersed silver nanoparticles. These nanomaterials are able to catalyze various reactions and cause toxic effects. The integration of nanoparticles in cosmetics is gaining demand because of their high surface-to-volume ratio which helps in better penetration through the skin [37]. Different metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles as well as quantum dots have been used in hair colour in order to improve the retention of hair colour along with its manageability.