Still other Catholic theologians have found these moves to be positive but not nearly different enough from the more pessimistic sort of exclusivism. the coexistence of various perspectives (political, religious), backgrounds (racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, nationality) gender) variety. 1928) and Paul Knitter (b. Stenmark views it as most similar to identist pluralism (see 2e below). Cultivating Awareness of Religious and Spiritual Diversity However, more recently, it has been argued that all religious doctrines, even Mahayana ones, are expedient means, helpful non-truths, ladders to be kicked away upon attainment of the cure, here understood as a non-cognitive awareness of the ultimate reality. (Hasker 2011) At first Hick evades the issue of polytheism by describing his theory not as a kind of polytheism, but rather as poly-something. He then suggests that two views of the personae are compatible with his theory: that they are mental projections, or that they are real, but angel- or deva like beings, intermediaries and not really gods. (Dupuis 2001; Meeker 2003; section 3c below) Similarly, Buddhists usually allow that a person may gain positive karma, and so a better rebirth, by the practice of various other religions, helping her to advance, life by life, towards getting the cure by means of the distinctive Buddhist beliefs and practices. State University of New York at Fredonia Such an outlook is commonly perceived as meaningless, hopeless, and devoid of value. For example, people have empirically disconfirmed claims that Jesus will visibly return to rule the earth from Jerusalem in 1974, or that magical ghost shirts will protect the wearer from bullets, or that saying a certain mantra three times will protect one from highway robbers. A vast diversity of religious and spiritual traditions exists, and your clients may be affiliated with any of them. (Sharma 1999, ch. Ethnic or national origins include, for Judaism is . Theorists nearly always loosen the requirement with regard to what they view as the one most true and/or most effective religion. Starting as a traditional, non-pluralistic Christian, Hick attended religious meetings and studied with people of other religions. Further, it is really Creativity that is ultimate, and it is embodied in and does not exist apart from or as an object in addition to God and the Cosmos. Exclusivism, Inclusivism, Pluralism: The Tripolar Typology Clarified and Reaffirmed., Sharma, Arvind. John Cobbs Whiteheadian Complementary Pluralism., Hasker, William. OConnor, Timothy. (Heim 1995, 163) This is consistent with the Christian thinking that the end pursued by Christians is in fact better than all others; thus, heaven is better than Nirvana. race. There are other major ones which remain unseen. Religious Diversity Around The World | Pew Research Center (For others see Hick 2004, Introduction.). On such a metaphysics, any apparent substance (being, entity) turns out to be one or more events or processes.
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