Gilbert ER, Li HF, Emmerson DA, Webb KE, Wong EA. Tadmor-Melamed H, Markman S, Arieli A, Distl M, Wink M, Izhaki I. In studies using radiolabeled L-glucose and L-arabinose, their uptake by intestine in vitro was not significantly inhibited by high concentrations (50100 mmol/L) of unlabeled L-glucose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, or D-glucose (280), which makes it unlikely that their absorption is carrier mediated. An important life-cycle digestive/nutritional change in some amphibians occurs at metamorphosis, when the digestive tract may be restructured and the diet may change (217, 283). Paracellular transport across the gut is constrained by tight junctions at the apical end of the lateral membrane of all cells in the epithelium. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Jongsma MA, Bolter C. The adaptation of insects to plant protease inhibitors. Fermentative degradation of complex carbohydrates by consortia of bacteria in the human colon. Cattle and sheep can live on hay and pasture, while pigs must eat grains that can be digested more easily. Intestinal paracellular absorption in nonflying mammals and birds appears to be qualitatively similar in regards to molecular size selectivity, as characterized using a series of nonelectrolyte water-soluble probes that differ in molecular dimension (80, 199) and in charge selectivity as characterized using relatively inert charged peptides (81, 205). (1) and (2)]. Features of food chemistry ultimately drive diversification of digestive system morphology, physiology, and biochemistry, and account for a lot of the variation among animals in efficiency of digestion (proportion retained/consumed). German DP, Nagle BC, Villeda JM, Ruiz AM, Thomson AW, Contreras Balderas S, Evans DH. Most foliage and grass feeding insects assimilate the easily used compounds (sugars, starch, protein, etc.) German DP. Jakobsson HE, Jernberg C, Andersson AF, Sjolund-Karlsson M, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. In: Dantzler W, editor. Another feature of overall gut design relates to the recovery processes of material(s) from the gut microbiota. Additional advantages are the maintenance of the concentration gradient between the lumen of the rumen and epithelial cell contents, so promoting sustained SCFA uptake, and the greater solubility of the products (lactate etc.) All Rights Reserved | No part of this site may be reproduced without permission. Suckling induces rapid intestinal growth and changes in brush border digestive functions of newborn pigs. 9) (206). (2) that digesta retention time should decline, which it did. Porter EM, Bevins CL, Ghosh D, Ganz T. The multifaceted Paneth cell. Regulation of gut function varies with life-history traits in chuckwallas (Sauromalus obesus: Iguanidae), Tsahar E, Friedman J, Izhaki I. This is an important function not to overload the small intestine with chyme so proper and efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Kofuji PYM, Akimoto A, Hosokawa H, Masumoto T. Seasonal changes in proteolytic enzymes of yellowtail. Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and Simple diffusion, that is, down the concentration gradient and involving neither a carrier nor cellular energy, is an additional mode of absorption that is especially important for small, nonpolar molecules. Because birds typically achieve higher paracellular absorption with less intestinal length and surface area than do similar sized nonflying mammals, there apparently are differences in intestinal permeability per unit intestinal tissue. Likewise, when hexose transport in jejunal brush border membrane vesicles declined with age in older chicks, the site density of SGLT1 declined in parallel but SGLT1 mRNA did not change significantly (16). (93).]. Two of the bat genera (Mormoops and Pteronotus) are in a sister family, Mormoopidae. Prudence M, Moal J, Boudry P, Daniel JY, Qur C, Jeffroy F, Mingant C, Ropert M, Bdier E, Van Wormhoudt A, Samain JF, Huvet A. Food consumption and utilization. Thus, with tannins, the effects on animals are not general but depend on the particular tannin structure, concentration, and on particularities of the consumer. Terra WR, Ferreira C. Biochemistry of digestion. Nedergaard S. Amino acid transport. The suite of reactions responsible for the transformation of complex carbohydrates to SCFAs is mediated by consortia of multiple bacteria with complementary capabilities (156), with cross-feeding of intermediate metabolites among bacteria with different capabilities (Fig. Dietary regulation of intestinal brush-border sugar and amino acid transport in carnivores. Ventral is the belly side. The reviews by Buddington and colleagues in the early 1990s (49, 50, 54) summarized results for about 12 vertebrate species, and additional work in the past 15 years has resulted in many more studies of developmental changes in digestion and features of digestive physiology, as well as an expanded list of species including more than a dozen fish species (see below), six amphibian species, a turtle (35), five avian species, and a dozen mammals. Furthermore, there is phylogenetic evidence that the genes for these glucohydrolase activities have been transferred horizontally from marine bacteria associated with Porphyra to the gut bacteria of humans. Diamond J, Hammond K. The matches, achieved by natural selection, between biological capacities and their natural loads. Karasov WH, Pinshow B, Starck JM, Afik D. Anatomical and histological changes in the alimentary tract of migrating blackcaps (. There is large variation among foods in both types and amounts of main nutritional substrates (e.g., simple and complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), and also variation in composition within each substrate type (e.g., specific bond linkages and chain length differences).
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