The clear growth stimulus and lignin-related 13C-bicarbonate incorporation into lipids strongly suggests that Bathyarchaeota (Subgroup-8) may be able to use the second-most abundant biopolymer lignin on Earth (Yuetal.2018). It also contains typical methane metabolism genes (hdrABC and mvhADG) but lacks hdrE, similar to Methanomassiliicoccales genomes (Evansetal.2015). More recently, acetogenesis, a metabolic process deemed to be restricted to the domain bacteria, was also suggested to take place in some lineages of Bathyarchaeota (Heetal.2016; Lazaretal.2016), expanding the metabolic potential of archaea. 2017KZDXM071), and the Science and Technology Innovation Committee of Shenzhen (Grant No. Thaumarchaeota MG-I was present in the 12C-DNA library in the corresponding zone but was not detected in the 13C-DNA library, suggesting that these microbes are not able to use 13C-acetate (Websteretal.2010). Metabolic pathways of the No methane metabolism genes were recovered from bathyarchaeotal genomic bins or any contigs from the WOR estuarine sediments, in contrast to an earlier study (Evansetal.2015). Diverse Bathyarchaeotal Lineages Dominate Archaeal Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: have we caught them all? Because of the universal distribution and predominance of Bathyarchaeota, not only in the marine sediments but also in terrestrial sediments and various other eco-niches, and because of their versatile metabolism (including acetogenesis, methane metabolism, and dissimilatory nitrate and sulfate reduction) and potential interactions with ANME archaea, acetoclastic methanogens and heterotrophic bacteria, the ecological importance of this group of generalists has entered the limelight and needs further exploration. Interestingly, one of the highly abundant McrA subunits of Ca. In summary, the most recent research advances have considerably expanded our knowledge of Bathyarchaeota, their distribution, ecology and physiological and genomic properties since their first discovery and definition about two decades ago. (2017) investigated the bathyarchaeotal community in two sediment cores from the South China Sea; the authors revealed a direct strong positive correlation between bathyarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene abundance and total organic carbon content along the core depth, suggesting an overall heterotrophic lifestyle of Bathyarchaeota in the South China Sea. WebInteresting Archaebacteria Facts: Archaebacteria are believed to have emerged approximately 3.5 billion years ago. However, the global methane cycle should be reconsidered since the previously unrecognized methane metabolic capacity appears to be present within such a widespread and abundant phylum. To alleviate the nomenclature confusion, we constructed an updated RAxML tree (Fig. Taxonomic classification revealed that between 0.1 and 2% of all classified sequences were assigned to Bathyarchaeota. The wide phylogenetic coverage increases the difficulty of inferring the general metabolic properties across whole lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of the Pta and Ack coding sequences in He et al.s study revealed that these genes form a monophyletic clade and are different from all other know sequences, indicating that they evolved independently of the currently known bacterial counterparts (Heetal.2016). (i) The 13C signature of the archaeal biomass suggests that only a small fraction of local archaea in SMTZ utilize methane, which might be explained by the contribution of Bathyarchaeota in the biomass; until now, only one line of evidence points to the acquisition of methane metabolism by Bathyarchaeota (Lloydetal.2013; Evansetal.2015; Lazaretal.2015; Heetal.2016). Regarding the functional properties, metabolic pathway analysis revealed that BA1 is a peptide and glucose fermenter, while BA2 is a fatty-acid oxidizer (Evansetal.2015). The members of the Bathyarchaeota are the most abundant archaeal components of the transitional zone between the freshwater and saltwater benthic sediments along the Pearl River, with a central position within the co-occurrence network among other lineages (Liuetal.2014). Yuetal. The results also revealed that some operational taxonomic units affiliated with Subgroups-2 and -15 are dominant in all surface and bottom sediment layers in these two cores, suggesting that these operational taxonomic units might be adaptive to redox changes (Yuetal.2017). This primer pair shows good specificity toward Bathyarchaeota; it allowed amplification of 10100 times more bathyarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene sequences from the sediment samples from the South China Sea, and the Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans than the MCG242dF/MCG678R primers (Yuetal.2017). These findings expand the metabolic potential of archaea and argue for a revision of the role of archaea in the carbon cycle in marine sediments (Heetal.2016). The wide availability of buried organic matter in the marine subsurface would favor the heterotrophic feeding of Bathyarchaeota. Furthermore, the MCR complexes found in the BA1 and BA2 genomes are phylogenetically divergent from traditional MCR and they coevolved as a whole functional unit, indicating that methane metabolism began to evolve before the divergence of the Bathyarchaeota and Euryarchaeota common ancestors (Evansetal.2015).
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